Images of the earth, its atmosphere, and other planets in space recorded by satellites make up satellite data.
Most satellites recording images or data that can be turned into images and maps were launched by governments. However, there are some private companies or individuals who have launched satellites of their own.
This data also makes use of aerial and ground-based sensors in addition to space-based satellites. As an example, you will have a much more complete picture of tectonic plate movement by enriching temporal satellite data with data from terrestrial sensors that record ground movements.
Most often, you will find this data in the form of images and maps—especially interactive and time-lapse maps. The most common attributes are latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates.
Additional attributes depend on the purpose for which the dataset was built. For instance, some satellite data must use RADAR to penetrate cloud cover to record land in real time. Meanwhile, climatologists who specifically measure cloud cover require spectroradiometric satellites.
People use this data to track weather patterns and climate change, identify military targets and illegal logging activities, determine exact country boundaries, track likely disease vectors and the extent of natural disasters, etc. And that is just for planet earth! Researchers also collect satellite data on other planets, comets, and such for exploration.
The two most important factors to consider in determining satellite data quality are technology and relevancy.
First, the equipment you use to gather the data must be in excellent condition. Since governments and militaries maintain most satellites, however, this is generally not a concern.
Second, your dataset must suit your needs. As in the examples above, consider your purpose in collecting this data before deciding on a data source.
Once done, you can ensure your dataset meets your requirements for update frequency and image resolution.
USGS EarthExplorer
Satellite Data | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
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